2010-02-20 22:01:51 +0800 #1
高中学生英语语法辅导
开封十中 张太仓
第二讲 祈使句、感叹句、强调句、反意疑问句
一、祈使句结构: 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1. 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
Take this seat.
Do be careful.
否定结构：Don't move.
Don't be late.
2. 第二种祈使句以let开头。
1) Let 的反意疑问句:
(1) Let's 包括说话者
Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try?
(2) Let us 不包括说话者
Let us have another try，will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try?
(3) 否定结构
Let's not talk of that matter.
Let us not talk of that matter.
二、感叹句结构：感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
1. 常用的句式
How +形容词+ a +名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
How+形容词或副词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What +名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What+a+形容词+名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+复数名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感叹句的省略形式为：What a clever boy (he is)!
2. 典型例题
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice
B. What a nice
C. How nice
D. What nice
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What
B. What a
C. How
D. How a
3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time
B. What time
C. How a time
D. how time
答案：1）答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)
2）答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3) 答案A.感叹句分两类：1：What + n.+主谓部分 2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
三、强调句句型
（一） It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？
When and where was it that you were born?
4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：
陈述句It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
一般疑问句Was it Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday?
特殊疑问句 Who was it that I met at the railway station yesterday?
强调地点状语：
陈述句It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
一般疑问句Was it at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
特殊疑问句Where was it that I met Li Ming yesterday?
强调时间状语：
陈述句It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
一般疑问句Was it yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station?
特殊疑问句When was it that I met Li Ming at the railway station?
5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。
（二） not … until … 句型的强调句
1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（三） 谓语动词的强调
1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。
(四)典型例题
1） It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time
B. when
C. that
D. which
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that
B. when
C. since
D. as
解析：1）答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。
2）答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
It is /was +时间+ since…其中is<---> has been was <---> had been.
四、反意疑问句
反意疑问句是英语四大问句之一，它是由一个陈述句加上一个短问句而构成的。反意疑问句的基本构成形式是：陈述句+动词（肯定或否定）+主语？如： ①She often has lunch at school, doesn’t she? ②You don’t like sports, do you?
使用反意疑问句要注意以下若干对应规则：
1. 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2. 陈述部分的谓语是 wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3. 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4. 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用 shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5. 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6. 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7. 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8. 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9. 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10. 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, isn't it?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?(有过去的时间)
11. 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12. 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13. 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。Everything is ready, isn't it?
14. 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
1) 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
2) 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
3) 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句时注意一下几种情况：
A．反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) don’t think(believe, suppose, consider)+ that从句时，从句为否定意义，问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如：
①I don’t think that you can do it, can you? （不用do I?）
②We don’t believe that the news is true, is it? （不用do we?）
B．反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+ think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：
①They all think that English is very important, don’t they? （不用isn’t it?）
②He didn’t think that the news was true, did he? （不用wasn’t/ was it?）
4）反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said( told, reported, asked……) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：
①They said that you had finished your work, didn’t they? （不用hadn’t you）
②Kate told you that she would go there, didn’t she? （不用wouldn’t she?）
15. 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they?(does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16. 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare he?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17. 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18. 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用 there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19. 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
20. 陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如：
①What he said is true, isn't it? （不用didn’t he?）
②Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? （不用won’t we?）
21. 陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如： ①To do one good deed is easy for a person, isn't it?
②Skating is your favorite sport, isn't it?
If interested, you are warmly appreciated.
开封十中 张太仓
第二讲 祈使句、感叹句、强调句、反意疑问句
一、祈使句结构: 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1. 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
Take this seat.
Do be careful.
否定结构：Don't move.
Don't be late.
2. 第二种祈使句以let开头。
1) Let 的反意疑问句:
(1) Let's 包括说话者
Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try?
(2) Let us 不包括说话者
Let us have another try，will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try?
(3) 否定结构
Let's not talk of that matter.
Let us not talk of that matter.
二、感叹句结构：感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
1. 常用的句式
How +形容词+ a +名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
How+形容词或副词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What +名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What+a+形容词+名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+复数名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+主语+动词 陈述语序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感叹句的省略形式为：What a clever boy (he is)!
2. 典型例题
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice
B. What a nice
C. How nice
D. What nice
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What
B. What a
C. How
D. How a
3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time
B. What time
C. How a time
D. how time
答案：1）答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)
2）答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3) 答案A.感叹句分两类：1：What + n.+主谓部分 2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
三、强调句句型
（一） It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？
When and where was it that you were born?
4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：
陈述句It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
一般疑问句Was it Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday?
特殊疑问句 Who was it that I met at the railway station yesterday?
强调地点状语：
陈述句It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
一般疑问句Was it at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
特殊疑问句Where was it that I met Li Ming yesterday?
强调时间状语：
陈述句It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
一般疑问句Was it yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station?
特殊疑问句When was it that I met Li Ming at the railway station?
5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。
（二） not … until … 句型的强调句
1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（三） 谓语动词的强调
1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。
(四)典型例题
1） It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time
B. when
C. that
D. which
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that
B. when
C. since
D. as
解析：1）答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。
2）答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
It is /was +时间+ since…其中is<---> has been was <---> had been.
四、反意疑问句
反意疑问句是英语四大问句之一，它是由一个陈述句加上一个短问句而构成的。反意疑问句的基本构成形式是：陈述句+动词（肯定或否定）+主语？如： ①She often has lunch at school, doesn’t she? ②You don’t like sports, do you?
使用反意疑问句要注意以下若干对应规则：
1. 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2. 陈述部分的谓语是 wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3. 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4. 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用 shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5. 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6. 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7. 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8. 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9. 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10. 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, isn't it?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?(有过去的时间)
11. 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12. 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13. 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。Everything is ready, isn't it?
14. 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
1) 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
2) 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
3) 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句时注意一下几种情况：
A．反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) don’t think(believe, suppose, consider)+ that从句时，从句为否定意义，问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如：
①I don’t think that you can do it, can you? （不用do I?）
②We don’t believe that the news is true, is it? （不用do we?）
B．反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+ think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：
①They all think that English is very important, don’t they? （不用isn’t it?）
②He didn’t think that the news was true, did he? （不用wasn’t/ was it?）
4）反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said( told, reported, asked……) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：
①They said that you had finished your work, didn’t they? （不用hadn’t you）
②Kate told you that she would go there, didn’t she? （不用wouldn’t she?）
15. 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they?(does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16. 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare he?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17. 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18. 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用 there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19. 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
20. 陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如：
①What he said is true, isn't it? （不用didn’t he?）
②Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? （不用won’t we?）
21. 陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如： ①To do one good deed is easy for a person, isn't it?
②Skating is your favorite sport, isn't it?
If interested, you are warmly appreciated.
