高一学生英语语法辅导
开封十中 张太仓
第一讲 词类、句子成分、句子种类
一、根据单词的含义、性质和造句过程中的作用把它们分为十大类,每类词汇在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用,因此分清每一个单词的词类对于学好英语具有非常关键的意义.
名词: 表示人或事物的词(包括专有名词和普通名词)。 如： teacher, stduent, Beijing.
数词: 表示数量和顺序的词。如：eight , first .
代词: 代替名词和数词的词。如：she, he, these.
动词: 表示动作和状态的词。如：run,make,look.
形容词: 是表示人或事物特征的词。如：beautiful,good.
副词: 修饰动词，形容词，副词的词。如：slowly,much,fast.
冠词: 与名词连用，是起说明人或事物的作用的词。如：the,a,an.
介词: 通常置于名词和代词（宾格）之前，表示名词和代词于其他词的关系。如：in,on,about.
连词: 是一种连接词与词或者句子与句子的词。如：and,but,because.
感叹词: 是表示说话人的感情或语气的词。如：oh,hey.
因为名、动、形，副、代、数不仅有具体的意义而且也能够独立做句子成分，我们不妨按照汉语习惯，把它们称作实词；而冠、介、连、叹则为虚词，不能在句子中独立充当任何句子成分。
二、句子成分：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2) 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等担任。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
6. 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
8. 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：
This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。
We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
9. 独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：
He’s a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。
Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。
三、句子种类
（一）按句子的结构可分三种：
1. 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2. 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or，so, for等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。
You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
（1）联合关系
常用的连词有and(同，和), when(=and just at this time就在这时，然后), not only…but (also)…(不仅……而且……), neither…nor…（既不……也不……）等。如：
He helps me and I help him.他帮我，我帮他。
He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English. 他不仅给我们出很多建议并且还帮助我学英语。
I was just leaving when the telephone rang. 我正要离开，电话铃响了。
注：when作这种用法时，主要用于was/were doing sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were about to do sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were on the point of doing sth. when sth./sb. did等句型中，表示“当某人或某物正在或正要做某事，就在这时突然又发生了另一事”。
(2) 选择关系
常用的连词有or(或者，否则), otherwise(否则), or else(否则), either...or(不是……就是)。如：
Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。
Will he still be there or will he have gone away? 你那时还在那里还是可能已经走了？
You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus. 你好得早点走，否则就赶不上公共汽车了。
Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. 不是汤姆就是她的姐妹们要来。
（三）转折关系
常用的连词有but(但是，可是，只是因为), while(而、却), yet(可是)等。如：
It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。
I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。
She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。
She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s. 她看上去很年轻,可是她已三十多岁了。
此处，还有副词still(仍然），however(然而)也表示转折关系。
He is good-natured; still I don't like him. 他脾气很好,可是我还是不喜欢他。
The book is expensive; however, it's worth it. 这本书很贵；却很值。
注意：but, while不与although连用，但yet, still可与although连用。
Although she felt ill, she still went to work. 她虽然感觉不舒服，但她仍然去上班。
（4）因果关系
常用的连词有for（因为）和so（所以，因此）等。如：
I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴，因为天气太热。
The manager was ill so I went in her place. 经理病了所以我代她去。
注意：so不与because连用
3. 复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1. 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2. 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种
a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：
Where do you live?你住那儿？
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？
c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he?他不认识她，对不对？
3. 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sit down, please.请坐。Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4. 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1. 主语 ＋ 谓语
本结构是由“主语+不及物动词（词组）”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如：She came.
/
My head aches.
/
The sun rises.
该句型的主语可有修饰语---定语，如，The red sun rises.
谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.
2. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如：She likes English.
The young should take good care of the old.
3. 主语 ＋ 连系动词 ＋ 表语
本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；
（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；
（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。
She is happy.
/
He fell off his bike and got hurt.
/
His advice proved (to be) right.
4. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语
常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, 等；
（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等。
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She gave John a book．= She bought a book for me.
5. 主语 ＋ 谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。
She makes her mother angry.
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
注： There be 句型
此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，现在有there is / are …过去有there was / were…将来有there will be…/ there is / are going to be...现在已经有there has / have been…可能有there might be...肯定有there must be …/ there must have been...过去一直有there used to be …似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be …碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be …
此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
There came a shout for "help".
There must have been a village here.
There lies a book on the desk.
If interested, you are warmly appreciated.
开封十中 张太仓
第一讲 词类、句子成分、句子种类
一、根据单词的含义、性质和造句过程中的作用把它们分为十大类,每类词汇在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用,因此分清每一个单词的词类对于学好英语具有非常关键的意义.
名词: 表示人或事物的词(包括专有名词和普通名词)。 如： teacher, stduent, Beijing.
数词: 表示数量和顺序的词。如：eight , first .
代词: 代替名词和数词的词。如：she, he, these.
动词: 表示动作和状态的词。如：run,make,look.
形容词: 是表示人或事物特征的词。如：beautiful,good.
副词: 修饰动词，形容词，副词的词。如：slowly,much,fast.
冠词: 与名词连用，是起说明人或事物的作用的词。如：the,a,an.
介词: 通常置于名词和代词（宾格）之前，表示名词和代词于其他词的关系。如：in,on,about.
连词: 是一种连接词与词或者句子与句子的词。如：and,but,because.
感叹词: 是表示说话人的感情或语气的词。如：oh,hey.
因为名、动、形，副、代、数不仅有具体的意义而且也能够独立做句子成分，我们不妨按照汉语习惯，把它们称作实词；而冠、介、连、叹则为虚词，不能在句子中独立充当任何句子成分。
二、句子成分：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2) 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等担任。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
6. 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
8. 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：
This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。
We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
9. 独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：
He’s a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。
Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。
三、句子种类
（一）按句子的结构可分三种：
1. 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2. 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or，so, for等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。
You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
（1）联合关系
常用的连词有and(同，和), when(=and just at this time就在这时，然后), not only…but (also)…(不仅……而且……), neither…nor…（既不……也不……）等。如：
He helps me and I help him.他帮我，我帮他。
He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English. 他不仅给我们出很多建议并且还帮助我学英语。
I was just leaving when the telephone rang. 我正要离开，电话铃响了。
注：when作这种用法时，主要用于was/were doing sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were about to do sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were on the point of doing sth. when sth./sb. did等句型中，表示“当某人或某物正在或正要做某事，就在这时突然又发生了另一事”。
(2) 选择关系
常用的连词有or(或者，否则), otherwise(否则), or else(否则), either...or(不是……就是)。如：
Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。
Will he still be there or will he have gone away? 你那时还在那里还是可能已经走了？
You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus. 你好得早点走，否则就赶不上公共汽车了。
Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. 不是汤姆就是她的姐妹们要来。
（三）转折关系
常用的连词有but(但是，可是，只是因为), while(而、却), yet(可是)等。如：
It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。
I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。
She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。
She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s. 她看上去很年轻,可是她已三十多岁了。
此处，还有副词still(仍然），however(然而)也表示转折关系。
He is good-natured; still I don't like him. 他脾气很好,可是我还是不喜欢他。
The book is expensive; however, it's worth it. 这本书很贵；却很值。
注意：but, while不与although连用，但yet, still可与although连用。
Although she felt ill, she still went to work. 她虽然感觉不舒服，但她仍然去上班。
（4）因果关系
常用的连词有for（因为）和so（所以，因此）等。如：
I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴，因为天气太热。
The manager was ill so I went in her place. 经理病了所以我代她去。
注意：so不与because连用
3. 复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1. 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2. 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种
a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：
Where do you live?你住那儿？
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？
c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he?他不认识她，对不对？
3. 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sit down, please.请坐。Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4. 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1. 主语 ＋ 谓语
本结构是由“主语+不及物动词（词组）”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如：She came.
/
My head aches.
/
The sun rises.
该句型的主语可有修饰语---定语，如，The red sun rises.
谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.
2. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如：She likes English.
The young should take good care of the old.
3. 主语 ＋ 连系动词 ＋ 表语
本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；
（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；
（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。
She is happy.
/
He fell off his bike and got hurt.
/
His advice proved (to be) right.
4. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语
常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, 等；
（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等。
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She gave John a book．= She bought a book for me.
5. 主语 ＋ 谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。
She makes her mother angry.
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
注： There be 句型
此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，现在有there is / are …过去有there was / were…将来有there will be…/ there is / are going to be...现在已经有there has / have been…可能有there might be...肯定有there must be …/ there must have been...过去一直有there used to be …似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be …碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be …
此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
There came a shout for "help".
There must have been a village here.
There lies a book on the desk.
If interested, you are warmly appreciated.